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动词时态考点追踪,http://www.170xue.com
◇ 河北 张彦军
近几年高考试题侧重对动词各种用法的考查，其中又以考查动词时态为重中之重。为了帮助同学们备考，以近几年高考题为例，对高考常考的时态的概念及考点进行分析归纳。
一、对一般现在时的考查
1）考查其基本概念：一般现在时表示一个习惯性、经常性的动作。常与表示习惯的副词always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually 等连用。但近几年，对一般现在时的考查常用过去时态或现在完成时态对同学们进行干扰。如：
1. Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which ________ the Pacific, and we met no storm. （2005年辽宁卷）
A. was called B. is called
C. had been called
D. has been called
（划线的为答案，以下同）
2. Although he has lived with us for years, he ___ us much impression. （2004年上海春季卷）
A. hadn’t left
B. didn’t leave
C. doesn’t leave
D. hasn’t left
2）考查一般现在时的替代用法：在以when, till/ until, as soon as, by the time, after, before 等引导的时间状语从句，在以if, unless, once等引导的条件状语从句和以no matter, however, even if 等词引导的让步状语从句中，如果主句中的动词用一般将来时，从句中的动词通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如：
3. — What would you do if it _____ tomorrow?
— We have to carry it on ,since we’ve got everything ready. （2005年全国卷）
A. rain B. rains
C. will rain D. is raining
二、对一般过去时的考查
一般过去时表示在过去某时某刻发生的动作或存在的状态，它常与表过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。但是一般过去时也经常用在没有说明过去的时间状语的句子中，这是高考的命题方向。如：
4. More than a dozen students in that school ____ abroad to study medicine last year. （2005年上海卷）
A. sent
B. were sent
C. had sent
D. had been sent
三、对现在进行时的考查
现在进行时由“be+现在分词”，被动结构为“am\is\are+being+过去分词”构成。如：
5. — What’s the terrible noise？
— The neighbours ____ for a party. （2004年北京卷）
A. have prepared
B. are preparing
C. prepare
D. will prepare
注①表示感觉、愿望和状态的某些动词have, hear, see, like, contain, belong to, have on, understand, know 等一般不用进行时。
②进行时与always, often, forever, constantly等连用，表示一种感情（如赞扬、厌烦等）。
③现在进行时与一般现在时的区别是：前者表示动作的暂时性而后者表示动作的长期性。
四、对过去进行时的考查
1）把过去进行时放在when, while, as 等引导的时间状语从句中考查。如果主句谓语和从句谓语都发生在过去，动作时间长的用过去进行时，表达谈话背景；动作时间短的用一般过去时，表达新的信息。
6. —You were out when I dropped in at your house.
—Oh, I ____ for a friend from England at the airport. （2004年福建卷）
A. was waiting
B. had waited
C. am waiting
D. have waited
2）把过去进行时放在某特定的语境中考查。
7. —Has Sam finished his homework today?
—I have no idea. He ____ it this morning. （2004年全国卷）
A. did B. has done
C. was doing D. had done
3）考查过去进行时与一般过去时的比较。
8. Shirely ________ a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it.
A. has written B. wrote
C. had written
D. was writing
五、对现在完成时的考查
1）现在完成时不仅表示动作在说话之前已经完成，而且强调动作对现在的影响或表示经验。
9. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents ____ that they won’t support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.（2005年湖北卷）
A. were deciding
B. have decided
C. decided
D. will decide
10. Millions of pounds’ worth of damage ___by a storm which swept across the north of England last night. （2005年重庆卷）
A. has been caused
B. had been caused
C. will be caused
D. will have been caused
2）现在完成时表示过去的动作一直延续至今并有可能继续下去，常与for或since 等短语连用。如：
11. —The window is dirty.
— I know. It ________ for weeks. （2004年全国卷）
A. hasn’t cleaned
B. didn’t clean
C. wasn’t cleaned
D. hasn’t been cleaned
注：由终止性动词leave, arrive, come, go, return, begin, start, put, stop, start, put, stop, die, fall, buy, borrow, see等构成的完成时不能与for或since引导的时间状语连用。但这些终止性动词的否定式可以与for或since短语连用。如：I haven’t met him for two years.
3）考查现在完成时与一般过去式的区别：一般过去时着重说明动作发生的时间、地点、方式等，与现在不发生联系，且句中一般有表示过去的时间状语；而现在完成时只说明现在的情况，对现在有影响。如：
12. —Where _________ the recorder? I can’t see it anywhere.
— I ____ it right here. But now it’s gone.
A. did you put; have put
B. have you put; put
C. had you put; was putting
D. were you putting; put
六、对现在完成进行时的考查
现在完成进行时是由“have / has been+现在分词”构成，表示从过去某一时刻发生的动作，一直延续到现在，并且还可能继续下去。它与现在完成时的区别如下：
1）现在完成时强调的是完成的动作，而现在完成进行时是持续了一段时间的动作，这个动作刚停止或仍在继续。如：
I have written an article. （已完成）
I have been writing an article. （还在写）
2）有些延续性动词，如live, teach, work, study, learn, stay等因现在完成时与现在完成进行时差别不大。如：
I have lived here for ten years. = I have been living here for ten years.
另外注意的是：表短暂动作的动词（finish, marry, get up, come, go等）一般不能用现在完成进行时。
13. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy ____ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet. （2004年北京卷）
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